Insights into enhanced biodegradation of sulfadimethoxine by catalyst: Transcriptomic responses and free radical interactions

The occurrence of sulfonamides in the environment is a severe global threat to public health due increasing prevalence antibiotic selection pressure that may lead development resistance. We report an enhanced biodegradation sulfadimethoxine (SDM) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Pc) with lignocellulosic biomass (Lb) using Fe3O4-ZSM-5 as catalyst (Pc/Fe3O4-ZSM-5/Lb). SDM was completely degraded within 4 days at pH 7.0 Pc/Fe3O4-ZSM-5/Lb system. Transcriptomic, metabolites and free radical analyses were performed explore detailed molecular mechanisms degradation. A total 246 genes Pc system exhibited significant upregulation compared alone. Upregulated encoding cellulases, cytochrome P450, cellobiose quinone oxidoreductase, dehydrogenase involved degradation In addition, glutathione S-transferase P450 related oxidative stress detoxification all significantly upregulated (P < 0.01). Electron paramagnetic resonance revealed generation OH suggesting pathway could be catalyzed enzymes. These findings catalyst-assisted will valuable for remediation antibiotics from contaminated wastewater.